Access Modifiers in Java

Access modifiers in Java determine the visibility and accessibility of classes, methods, and variables

1. public access Modifiers

The public modifier allows access from anywhere (other classes and packages).

// File: Main.java
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Person person = new Person();
        person.name = "John";  // Accessible because it's public
        person.displayInfo();  // Accessible because it's public
    }
}
 
// File: Person.java
public class Person {
    public String name;  // Public variable, accessible from anywhere
 
    public void displayInfo() {  // Public method, accessible from anywhere
        System.out.println("Name: " + name);
    }
}

2. private access modifiers

The private modifier restricts access to within the same class only. You can’t access it from outside the class.

public class BankAccount {
    private double balance;  // Private variable, not accessible from outside the class
 
    public BankAccount(double initialBalance) {
        balance = initialBalance;
    }
 
    // Public method to access the private variable
    public void deposit(double amount) {
        balance += amount;
    }
 
    public void displayBalance() {
        System.out.println("Balance: " + balance);
    }
}
 
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        BankAccount account = new BankAccount(1000);
        // account.balance = 500;  // Error! 'balance' is private
        account.deposit(500);     // We can access this public method
        account.displayBalance(); // We can access this public method
    }
}

3. protected access modifier

The protected modifier allows access within the same package and subclasses (even in different packages).

// File: Animal.java
public class Animal {
    protected String type = "Animal";  // Protected variable
 
    protected void displayType() {  // Protected method
        System.out.println("This is a " + type);
    }
}
 
// File: Dog.java (same package or subclass in a different package)
public class Dog extends Animal {
    public void showType() {
        System.out.println("Dog type: " + type);  // Accessible because it's protected
        displayType();  // Accessible because it's protected
    }
}
 
// File: Main.java
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Dog dog = new Dog();
        dog.showType();  // Accessible because 'Dog' is a subclass of 'Animal'
    }
}

4. Default (No Modifier)

If no access modifier is specified, the class or member is package-private (accessible only within the same package).

// File: PackageExample.java (package-private class)
class PackageExample {
    String message = "Hello!";  // Package-private variable
 
    void showMessage() {  // Package-private method
        System.out.println(message);
    }
}
 
// File: Main.java (same package)
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        PackageExample example = new PackageExample();
        example.showMessage();  // Accessible because both classes are in the same package
    }
}

Key Points:

• public: Accessible from anywhere.
• private: Accessible only within the class.
• protected: Accessible within the same package or subclasses.
• Default (no modifier): Accessible within the same package only.